2011年7月26日 星期二

Pragmatic Thinking and Learning: Refactor Your Wetware

程序員的思維修煉(開發認知潛能的九堂課)/圖靈程序設計叢書


Bear在這裡買的
amazon的參考
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作者:(美)亨特|譯者:崔康
出版社:人民郵電
ISBN:9787115242334
出版日期:2011/01/01
頁數:213
人民幣:RMB 39 元
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第1章 緒論

1.1 再提「實用」
1.2 關注情境

P.5(原文P.18)
TIP 01.始終關注情境。

Always consider the context.

1.3 所有人都關注這些技能
1.4 本書結構
1.5 致謝

第2章 從新手到專家的歷程

2.1 新手與專家
2.2 德雷福斯模型的5個階段

P.17(原文P.32)
規則只能讓你啟程,不會讓你走得更遠。

Rules can get you started, but they won’t carry you further.

P.19(原文P.34)
他們能夠糾正以往不好的工作表現。他們會反思以前是如何做的,並修改其做法,期望下一次表現得更好。到這個階段,自我改進才會出現。

Proficient practitioners make a major breakthrough on the Dreyfus model: they can correct previous poor task performance. They can reflect on how they’ve done and revise their approach to perform better the next time. Up until this stage, that sort of self-improvement is simply not available.

P.21(原文P.37)
專家知道那些是無關緊要的細節,那些是非常重要的細節。也許不是有意識的,但專家知道應該關注那些細節,可以放心地忽略那些細節。專家非常擅長做有針對性的特徵匹配。

The expert does. The expert knows the difference between irrelevant details and the very important details, perhaps not on a conscious level, but the expert knows which details to focus on and which details can be safely ignored. The expert is very good at targeted, focused pattern matching.

2.3 現實中的德雷福斯模型:賽馬和賽羊

P.22(原文P.)
當你在某領域不是很擅長時,你更可能認為自已是這方面的專家。

When you are not very skilled in some area, you are more likely to think you’re actually pretty expert at it.

不知道自已不知道。

The “lemon juice man” never suspected that his hypothesis was, er, suspect. This lack of accurate self-assessment is referred to as second-order incompetence, that is, the condition of being unskilled and unaware of it.

達爾文說過,無知往往來自於自信而不是知識。

Charles Darwin pegged it when he said, “Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge.”

一旦你真的成為了一名專家,你會痛苦地意識到你知道的是多麼少。

The converse seems to be true as well; once you truly become an expert, you become painfully aware of just how little you really know.

P.24(原文P.40)
TIP 02.新手使用規則,專家使用直覺。

Use rules for novices, intuition for experts.

P.25(原文P.42)
不知道自已不知道多少。新手盡管能力差但信心十足,而專家在情況異常時會變得愈發謹慎。專家會更多地自我懷疑。

You may see this referred to as second-order incompetence, not knowing just how much it is that you don’t know. The beginner is confident despite the odds; the expert will be far more cautious when the going gets weird. Experts will show much more self-doubt.

P.25(原文P.42)
TIP 03.知道你不知道什麼。

Know what you don’t know.

2.4 有效地使用德雷福斯模型

P.27(原文P.44)
提供重覆犯錯的和糾正錯誤的機會。

It should also provide opportunities for repetition and correction of errors.

一旦你成了某個領域的專家,在別的領域成為專家就會變得很容易。至少你已經有了現成的獲取知識的技能和模型構建的能力。

However, there is some good news. Once you become an expert in one field, it becomes much easier to gain expertise in another. At least you already have the acquisition skills and model-building abilities in place.

P.29(原文P.47)
"我只是執行命令"是無用的。

“I was just following orders!” doesn’t work.

P.29(原文P.47)
TIP 04.通過觀察和模仿來學習。

Learn by watching and imitating.

P.31(原文P.49)
新手要爬梯子,但是優勝者不會幫失敗者→失敗者會被團隊拋棄。

An article by Geoffrey Colvin16 expands on this idea by noting that real teams have stars: not everyone on the team is a star; some are rookies (novices and advanced beginners), and some are merely competent. Rookies move up the ladder, but winners don’t carry losers—losers get cut from the team. Finally, he notes that the top 2 percent isn’t considered world-class. The top 0.2 percent is.

P.31(原文P.50)
TIP 05.保持實踐以維持專家水平。

Keep practicing in order to remain expert.

2.5 警惕工具陷阱

P.32(原文P.51)
規則無法告訴你在某種情況下應該採取的最合適行為或者正確路線。它們充其量也就是"自行工的輔助輪",可以幫助啟動,但是卻限制並大大妨礙了以後的表現。

Rules cannot tell you the most relevant activities to perform in a given situation or the correct path to take. They are at best “training wheels”—helpful to get started but limiting and actively detrimental
to performance later.

P.34(原文P.53)
TIP 06.如果你需要創造力,直覺或者獨創能力,避免使用形式方法。

Avoid formal methods if you need creativity, intuition, or inventiveness.

2.6 再一次考慮情境
2.7 日常的德雷福斯模型

P.36(原文P.56)
TIP 07.學習如何學習的技能。

Learn the skill of learning.

第3章 認識你的大腦

3.1 雙cpu模式
3.2 隨時(24×7)記錄想法

P.44(原文P.65)

TIP 08.捕獲所有的想法以從中獲益更多。

Capture all ideas to get more of them.

3.3 L型和r型的特徵

P.47(原文P.68)
線性模式(L型)和富模式(R型)。

It was Sperry who originally assigned these different capabilities purely on a hemispheric basis and added the terms left brain and right brain to the modern lexicon. As it turns out, that’s not entirely true, as described in the sidebar on page 70, so I’ll refer to these modes as linear mode (L-mode) and rich mode (R-mode).

P.51(原文P.74)
面對複雜的設計問題或者難以修改的bug,優秀的程序員通常都有衝動去編碼和構建,由此可以從中學習。

And you might already be reaching for synthetic learning more often than you think. When faced with a difficult design problem, or an elusive bug, good programmers generally have an urge to reach for code and build something that they can learn from. That’s R-modesynthesis, as opposed to the L-modeanalysis. That’s why we like prototypes and independent unit tests. These give us the opportunity to learn by synthesis—by building.

真正想要了解一支青蛙,傳統的解剖不是辦法,更好的方式是構造一支青蛙。

In fact, synthesis is such a powerful learning technique that Nicholas Negroponte of the MIT Media Lab suggested in Don’t Dissect the Frog, Build It [Neg94] that to really learn about a frog, traditional dissection is not the way to go. The better way to learn about a frog is to build one.

P.51(原文P.75)
TIP 09.綜合學習與分析學習並重。

Learn by synthesis as well as by analysis.

3.4 r型的崛起

P.55(原文P.80)
TIP 10.爭取好的設計,它真的很有效。

Strive for good design; it really works better.

3.5 r型看森林,L型看樹木

P.57(原文P.81)
如果你想發現全局、整體的模式,你需要R型,如果你需要分析部份和細節,你需要L型。對於我們大多數人來說,這種層次的專長就是這樣區別的。R型看森林,L型看樹木。

This experiment seems to amplify the fact that if you’re looking for global, holistic patterns, you need R-mode. If you need to analyze parts and look into the detail, then you need a more L-mode approach. For most of us, this level of specialization is how it is. R-mode sees the forest; L-mode sees the trees.

3.6 diy腦部手術和神經可塑性

P.58(原文P.83)
TIP 11.重新連線大腦,堅信這一點並不斷實踐。

Rewire your brain with belief and constant practice.

3.7 如何更上一層樓

第4章 利用右腦

4.1 啟動感觀輸入

P.61(原文P.86)
TIP 12.增加感現體驗以促進大腦的使用。

Add sensory experience to engage more of your brain.

P.62(原文P.87)
小學教育工作者很早就知道,多感官的反饋是增強理解和記憶非常有效的方法。

Primary school educators have known for a long time that crosssensory feedback is a very effective way of increasing understanding and retention. It’s a pretty well-established pedagogical technique.

4.2 用右腦畫畫

P.62(原文P.88)
困難的部份不是繪畫的結果,而是觀察。這種可視的洞察力是一項R型任務。

Drawing is an R-mode activity. Actually, let me back up a moment and describe what I mean by drawing. Drawing really isn’t about making marks on paper. Anyone with normal physical abilities can put the appropriate marks on paper as required for drawing and sketching. The hard part isn’t the drawing end; it’s the seeing. And this sort of visual perception is very much an R-mode task.

P.63(原文P.88)
L型是符號機器,可以為一些感官輸入快速提供符號化表示。這對於閱讀和寫作這樣的符號性活動很好,但對其他活動就不合適了。

The L-mode is a symbolic machine; it rushes in quickly to provide a symbolic representation for some sensory input. That’s great for symbolic activities such as reading and writing but is not appropriate for other activities.

4.3 促成r型到l型的轉換

P.67(原文P.93)
他做的事情就是建立了一種從R型到L型的轉換。事實上,這正是你可以用來促進學習的方式。

What he did here was create a sort of R-mode to L-mode flow. As it turns out, that’s exactly what you want to do to facilitate learning.

P.67(原文P.93)
譯註:throw to wolves 在英語中表示見死不救的意思。

P.68(原文P.94)
TIP 13.R型開路,L型緊跟。

Lead with; follow with.

P.68(原文P.95)
有一位老作家曾經給想要成為作家的人說過一句格言:"酒醉寫作,酒醒修改"

There’s an old writer’s adage that advises would-be authors to “write drunk; revise sober.”

P.69(原文P.95)
不要太著急,解決問題時,學會輕鬆面對不確定的事情,進行創造時,坦然面對荒謬和不切實際的東西。學習過程中,不要太迫於學會和記憶,首先只是適應它。試著先理解其意思,掌握主旨思想。

Don’t be in such a hurry. When problem solving, learn to be comfortable with uncertainty. When creating, be comfortable with the absurd and the impractical. When learning, don’t try so hard to learn and memorize; just get “used to it” first. Try to understand the meaning first; get the overall gist of it.

P.70(原文P.98)
一種使L型和R型協同工作的有趣方式是讓另一個人使用另一類型。也就是說,讓你的L型和別人的R型一起工作,或者是反過來。

An interesting way to get L-mode to work with R-mode is to use another person for the other mode. In other words, have your Lmode work with another person’s R-mode or their R-mode work with your L-mode.

P.71(原文P.98)
L型和R型在隱喻上(也就是創建類比的過程中)相通。

As we’ve seen, L-mode and R-mode processing are radically different, and yet there may be a common meeting ground between them in your own mind, a place where creativity gives birth to new ideas.L-mode and R-mode meet in metaphor—in the act of creating analogies.

P.71(原文P.98)
TIP 14.使用隱喻作為L型和R型相融之所。

Use metaphor as the meeting place betweenand.

P.75(原文P.103)
TIP 15.培養幽默感以建立更強大的隱喻。

Cultivate humor to build stronger metaphors.

4.4 收穫r型線索

P.78(原文P.106)
事實上,你有很多出色的技能和想法是無法用語言表達的。

And as it turns out, you have many excellent skills and ideas that are simply not verbalizable. As noted earlier (in Chapter 3, This Is Your Brain, on page 57), you can recognize thousands of faces, but try to describe even one face—that of a spouse, parent, or child—to any degree of accuracy. You don’t have the words to describe it. That’s because facial recognition (and indeed, most pattern-based recognition) is an R-mode activity.

你可能還注意到你無法閱讀夢中出現的文字,如道路標誌或者大字標題。

You might also notice that you can’t read text that appears in dreams, such as road signs or headlines. Most people can’t.

P.81(原文P.110)
Here are the rules:

晨寫是早晨要做的第一件事→在喝咖啡之前、在收聽交通廣播之前、在洗澡之前、在送孩子上學之前、在溜狗之前。

1. Write your morning pages first thing in the morning—before your coffee, before the traffic report, before talking to Mr. Showerhead, before packing the kids off to school or letting the dog out.

至少寫三頁,手寫,不需要鍵盤、電腦。

2.Write at least three pages, long hand. No typing, no computer.

不要審查刪減你寫的東西。不論是優秀的還是陳腐的,只管寫下來。

3.Do not censor what you write. Whether it’s brilliant or banal, just let it out.

堅持天天寫。

4.Do not skip a day.

P.84(原文P.113)
L型是主動性的:當你集中注意力時,L型就在工作。R型則不同,你不能命令它,只能邀請它。

Now, I may have just misled you in the past several paragraphs. When you go for your “thinking walk,” don’t actually do any thinking. It’s important to draw a vital distinction between R-mode and L-mode processing. L-mode is deliberate: when you focus, when you concentrate, that’s L-mode at work. R-mode is different. It can’t be commanded, only invited.

P.84(原文P.114)
TIP 16.離開鍵盤去解決難題。

Step away from the keyboard to solve hard problems.

4.5 收穫模式

P.86(原文P.)
代碼,一次編寫,多次閱讀

Code is write-once, read-many.

請記住,源代碼的閱讀次數遠遠多於它的編寫次數,所以通常值得花一些工夫把代碼變適合人類閱讀。換句話說,我們應該使代碼中的較大模式更容易被看到。

Remember: source code is read many, many more times than it’s written, so it’s usually worth some effort to help make the code more human-readable. In other words, we should make the larger patterns in the code easier to see.

P.87(原文P.117)
努力從完全不同的角度看待問題,這是獲取洞察力的訣竅。

Many times it’s hard to see things that are right in front of you, because you get used to seeing patterns in a certain way. It’s easy to get stuck in a rut—to get stuck in certain thought patterns and accustomed ways of thinking. The trick to gaining insight is to try to see a problem from a completely different viewpoint.

P.87(原文P.117)
擁有創造力和問題解決能力的關鍵在於尋找思考問題的不同方式。

The key to creativity and problem solving lies in finding different ways of looking at a problem. Different associations force the R-mode to initiate different searches; new material might now come up.

Dave Thomas在面對難題時,經常會說:"倒過來看"。這是一種智力沖撞:使你脫離思維定勢,從不同角度思考問題。

When faced with a thorny problem, Dave Thomas will often say, “Turn that on its head.” That’s one mental whack: a way to knock you out of your rut to make you look at a problem from a different point of view.

P.88(原文P.118)
這種視角的簡單轉變,也就是從相反角度思考問題,本身是一種非常強大的技術。

That simple change of viewpoint, looking at the problem from the other way around, is by itself a very powerful technique. You can use that when debugging: instead of trying to prevent a difficult-to-find bug, try coming up with three to four ways to deliberately cause it. Along the way, you might discover what’s really happening.

在用戶界面設計時或許也可以嘗試同樣的方法:不要努力去想完美的格式或者流程,先做一個最差的設計方案。這將幫助你意識到什麼是真正重要的。

Or perhaps try the same thing with a user interface design: instead of trying to come up with the perfect layout or workflow, make the worst layout and workflow. That might help you hone in on what’s really important.

P.88(原文P.118)
TIP 17.改變解決問題的角度。

Change your viewpoint to solve the problem.

P.88(原文P.119)
需要是發明之母,角色扮演是發明之父。

Necessity is the mother of invention. Play is the father of invention.

4.6 正確理解

P.91(原文P.122)
你不能單獨使用R型或單獨使用L型。相反,你需要組織學習和思維過程以支持R型到L型的轉換。

Yet these ways of thinking are vital to achieving a balanced, fullthrottle approach to problem solving and creativity. You don’t want to focus on R-mode at the exclusion of L-mode, and you don’t want to continue to focus on L-mode to the exclusion of R-mode. Instead, you want to structure your learning and thinking to support an R-mode to L-mode flow.

開始追尋細微的線索,收獲R型的現有輸出。通過類似晨寫、寫作和非目的性思維時間(散步)等技術增加 R型工作的機會。

Start to pick up on subtle clues, and begin to harvest your R-mode’s existing output. Give your R-mode processes more of a chance to function using techniques such as morning pages, writing, and non-goal-directed thinking time (aka walking).

最後,由於記憶是一脆弱和昂貴的機制,請隨時準備記錄下R型輸出的精辟領悟,不論何時,不論何地。

Finally, since memory is a frail and expensive mechanism, be prepared to write down the gems of insight that your R-mode may deliver, whenever—and wherever—that may be.

第5章 調試你的大腦

5.1 了解認知偏見

P.99(原文P.131)
TIP 18.記住標題,"很少"不意味著沒有。

Watch the outliers: “rarely” doesn’t mean “never.”

P.100(原文P.133)
TIP 19.適應不確定性。

Be comfortable with uncertainty.

P.101(原文P.134)
最後,請記住你的記憶力並不是很好。記憶是靠不住的,舊的記憶會隨著時間改變,這反而會讓你以為某些誤解和偏見是對的。不要僅僅依賴你的記憶。中國有句諺語說的好:好記性不如爛筆頭。

Finally, remember that you don’t remember very well. Memory is unreliable, and old memories will change over time, which just reassures you that your misconceptions and prejudices are valid. Don’t rely exclusively on your memory. The Chinese proverb is correct: the palest ink is better than the best memory.

P.101(原文P.134)
TIP 20.信任記錄而是記憶,每一次思維的輸出都是一次輸入。

Trust ink over memory; every mental read is a write.

5.2 認清時代影響

P.109(原文P.143)
TIP 21.從多個角度看待問題。

Hedge your bets with diversity.

5.3 了解個性傾向

P.112(原文P.146)
TIP 22.尊重不同人的不同性格。

Allow for different bugs in different people.

5.4 找出硬體問題

P.115(原文P.150)
TIP 23.像高級動物一樣行動,請做深呼吸,而不要張口嘶鳴。

Act like you’ve evolved: breathe, don’t hiss.

5.5 現在我不知道該思考什麼

P.116(原文P.152)
TIP 24.相信直覺,但是要驗證。

Trust intuition, but verify.

第6章 主動學習

6.1 學習是什麼……不是什麼

P.119(原文P.155)
技術本身並不重要,持續學習才是最重要的。

Many HR departments haven’t figured this out yet, but in reality, it’s less important to know Java, Ruby, .NET, or the iPhone SDK. There’s always going to be a new technology or a new version of an existing technology to be learned. The technology itself isn’t as important; it’s the constant learning that counts.

6.2 瞄準smart目標

P.122(原文P.159)
為了實現你的願望→在職業生涯和個人生活中學習和成長,你需要設定一些目標。但是目標本身並不能保證你成功。

To get where you want to be—to learn and grow in your career and personal life—you’ll need to set some goals. But goals by themselves aren’t enough to guarantee your success.

P.125(原文P.162)
TIP 25.建立SMART任務實現你的目標。

Create SMART objectives to reach your goals.

6.3 建立一個務實的投資計劃

P.127(原文P.164-165)
制定計劃是實現任何目標的一種非常有效的步驟。我們大多數人常常陷入一種默認的學習日程表:等到有空時再花時間學習一門新語言或新函數庫。不幸的是,把你的學習活動流放到"空閒時間"去,這就等同於失敗。

Just having a plan is an incredibly effective step toward achieving any goal. Too often, most of us slip into a kind of default learning schedule: you might take some time to learn a new language when you have a free moment or to look at that new library in your spare time. Unfortunately, relegating learning activities to your “free time” is a recipe for failure.

很快你會發現,事實上你沒有任何"空閒"時間。時間,就是壁櫥空間或磁盤空間,會很快被填滿。"為....創建時間"的說法有點用詞不當,時間是無法創造和銷毀的。時間只能夠分配。主動安排你的學習,分配合適的時間,聰明地使用時間,你可以更具效率。

As you soon discover, you really don’t have any “free” time. Time, like closet space or disk-drive space, will get filled up much too quickly. The expression “to make time for” is a bit of a misnomer; time can’t be created or destroyed. Time can only be allocated. By being deliberate about your learning, by allocating appropriate time, and by using that time wisely, you can be much more efficient in your learning.

P.128(原文P.165)
記住艾森豪威爾將軍對我們的建議:作計劃比計劃本身重要得多。

And remember what General Eisenhower advised us: the planning is far more important than the plan. The plan will change, as we’ll see next. But getting in tune with your goals is invaluable.

P.128(原文P.166)
談到價值,請不要忘記時間和價值不是等同的。只是因為你在某事上花了大量時間並不意味著就能給你的知識投資增添價值。看一場球賽或者現視頻游戲可能是修閒娛樂,但是沒有增加價值(除非你是一名四分衛運動員或者游戲開發人員)。

And speaking of value, don’t forget that time is not the same as value. Just because you spend a lot of time doing something doesn’t mean that it’s adding value to your knowledge portfolio. Watching a football game or playing a video game might be relaxing and entertaining, but it doesn’t add value (unless you’re a quarterback or game developer).

P.129(原文P.167)
開始之前先做好計劃,這樣一旦開始就可以立即執行。

Get the planning out of the way before you get there so that when you have your time, you can get right to it.

P.129(原文P.168)
TIP 26.對主動學習的投資做好計劃。

Plan your investment in learning deliberately.

6.4 使用你的原生學習模式

P.134(原文P.173)
TIP 27.發現你的最佳學習方式。

Discover how you learn best.

6.5 一起工作,一起學習

P.135(原文P.175)
需要有人領導這個學習小組就某個專題進行學習。他們不需要擅長這個主題,但是必須對這個主題和學習充滿熱情。

You need someone to lead the study group for this particular subject. They don’t have to be expert in the topic but do need to be passionate about the topic and about learning it.

P.136(原文P.176)
TIP 28.組織學習小組學習和輔導。

Form study groups to learn and teach.

6.6 使用增強的學習法

6.7 使用sq3r法主動閱讀

P.137(原文P.177)
告訴你一個不幸的事實:書面的指令通常被認為是最無效的。

It’s an unfortunate truth that written instructions are generally considered to be the least efficient. Many of the parts of the brain and body that you want to train or educate aren’t the parts that process language. Remember from our brain discussion that the portion of your brain that processes language is relatively small. The entire rest of your brain and body doesn’t do language.

P.137(原文P.177)
這項學習一本書或其他印刷品的方法稱為SQ3R,是該方法具體步驟的首字母縮寫。
1.調查(Survey):掃描目錄和每章總結,得出總體看法。
2.問題(Question):記錄所有問題。
3.閱讀(Read):閱讀所有內容。
4.復述(Recite):總結,做筆記,用自已的話來描述。
5.回顧(Review):重讀,擴展筆記,與同事討論。

This technique of studying a book or other printed matter is known as SQ3R; that’s an acronym for the steps you need to take.
1. Survey: Scan the table of contents and chapter summaries for an overview.
2. Question: Note any questions you have.
3. Read: Read in its entirety.
4. Recite: Summarize, take notes, and put in your own words.
5. Review: Reread, expand notes, and discuss with colleagues.

P.139(原文P.180)
短時間內學習大量信息不是很有效率。我們對事物的遺忘趨勢往往會遵循一種指數曲線,因此,你間格你的測試時間可以顯著增強記憶。例如,你可以按照2-2-2-6的模式設定測試時間表:在兩小時、兩天、兩周和六個月之後重新測試。

Cramming, or studying a lot of information in a short amount of time, is not very effective. We tend to forget things along an exponential curve, so spacing out your quizzing reinforces material much more effectively. For example, you might plan on retesting yourself along a 2-2-2-6 schedule: retest after two hours, two days, two weeks, and six months.

P.139(原文P.179)
TIP 29.主動閱讀。

Read deliberately.

6.8 使用思維導圖

P.143(原文P.185)
TIP 30.同時用R型和L型做筆記。

Take notes with bothand.

6.9 利用文檔的真正力量

P.146(原文P.188)
敏捷軟件開發的一個信條是避免不必要的文檔。也就是說,如果文檔沒有提供價值,就不要記錄。為了文檔而寫文檔是

One of the tenets of agile software development is to avoid needless documentation. That is, if documentation doesn’t provide value, don’t do it: writing documentation for documentation’s sake is a waste of time.

P.146(原文P.189)
路易斯.巴斯德曾經說過"機會只青睞有準備的人"。

Louis Pasteur once said, “Chance favors only the prepared mind,” and functional MRIs and EEG tests are proving him correct. A recent study17 suggests that mental preparation that involves an inward focus of attention can promote flashes of insight, even if the preparation occurs well in advance of facing any particular problem.

P.147(原文P.190)
TIP 31.寫文檔的過程比文檔本身更重要。

Write on: documenting is more important than documentation.

P.148(原文P.190)
視頻對傳遞動態信息非常有效。

Screencasts are really useful to convey something dynamic: showing a user how to perform a task using your software or modeling the life cycle of an object through a complicated set of processes. It’s a cheap and cheerful way to have lots of people (or remote people) look over your shoulder to see what you’re talking about.

6.10 以教代學

P.149(原文P.191)
TIP 32.觀察、實踐、教學。

See it. Do it. Teach it.

6.11 付諸實踐

第7章 積累經驗

7.1 為了學習而玩耍

P.153(原文P.197)
TIP 33.為了更好地學習,請更好地玩。

Play more in order to learn more.

7.2 利用現有知識

P.155(原文P.199)
TIP 34.從相似點中學習,從差異中忘卻。

Learn from similarities; unlearn from differences.

P.155(原文P.)
另一個危險是你對以前"相似"的問題的理解可能能是完全錯誤的。

Another danger is that your notion of a “similar” previous problem may be completely wrong. For instance, when trying to learn a functional programming language, such as Erlang or Haskell, much of what you’ve previously learned about programming languages will just get in the way. They aren’t similar to traditional procedural languages in any way that’s helpful.

7.3 正確對待實踐中的失敗

P.156(原文P.200)
"我不知道"是一個好答案,但不要就此止步。

Not all mistakes arise from things you do; others come from things you didn’t do but should have done. For example, you’re reading along and come across the word rebarbative or horked, and you wonder what on Earth it means. Or perhaps you see a reference to a new technology you’ve never heard of or a famous author in your field you’ve never read. Look it up. Google it. Fill in the blanks. “I don’t know” is a fine answer, but don’t let it end there.

P.156(原文P.200)
TIP 35.在你的環境中安全地探索,創造和應用。

Explore, invent, and apply in your environment—safely.

P.157(原文P.202)
啟動工具包(Starter Kit):版本控制、單元測試和項目自動化。

In software development, it’s pretty simple to set up an infrastructure to address these needs. It’s what we call the Starter Kit: version control, unit testing, and project automation.

P.158(原文P.202)
當你種菜時,如果長得不好,你不會責怪菜。你會尋找其他理由。菜可能是需要更多的肥料或者水,或者少曬太陽。你絕不會怪罪菜。(一行禪師)

When you plant lettuce, if it does not grow well, you don’t blame the lettuce. You look for reasons it is not doing well. It may need fertilizer or more water or less sun. You never blame the lettuce.
Thich Nhat Hanh

7.4 了解內在訣竅

P.160(原文P.204)
內在訣竅書籍告訴我們,通過說教很難傳授技能,我們通過探索可以學得更好,而不是指令。

The Inner Game series teaches us that it can be very difficult to teach a skill by putting it into words; we learn better by discovery, not instruction. This notion is embodied in the chair example, where the learner is getting real-time feedback in the context of the situation.

P.161(原文P.206)
TIP 36.觀察,不做判斷,然後行動。

See without judging and then act.

7.5 壓力扼殺認知

P.164(原文P.210)
允許失敗會促進成功。

I said earlier that errors are important to success. The other important lesson from the Inner Game series is the idea that permission to fail leads to success. You don’t actually need to make errors, as long as it’s OK if you did. It sounds somewhat counterintuitive, but once you play with the idea, it makes a lot of sense.

P.164(原文P.210)
TIP 37.允許失敗,你會走向成功。

Give yourself permission to fail; it’s the path to success.

P.165(原文P.211)
沒有了壓力之後,你就可以集中注意力,非常放鬆地觀察→記住第一宗旨:認知勝過嘗試。

With the pressure off, you can be attentive. You can be comfortable and just observe—remember the first tenet, that awareness trumps trying. It’s hard to just be aware and comfortable with a flawed performance under the harsh light of scrutiny or to let an idea blossom to fruition in its own time when there’s a deadline looming. A “brainstorming” session where ideas get shot down as soon as they’re uttered has the same debilitating effect.

7.6 想象超越感觀

P.168(原文P.215)
TIP 38.讓大腦為成功形成慣例。

Groove your mind for success.

7.7 像專家一樣學習

第8章 控制注意力

8.1 提高注意力

P.172(原文P.220)
同樣,人們會很容易毫無意義地分散注意力,結果沒有什麼事情獲得了我們充份的注意,我們也沒有做任何有效的事情。

There’s a well-known design problem in multiprocessor systems: if you’re not careful, you can spend all the CPU cycles coordinating tasks with all the other CPUs and not actually get any work done. Similarly, it’s easy for us humans to divide our attention fecklessly such that nothing receives our full attention and so nothing effective gets done.

P.174(原文P.222)
TIP 39.學習集中注意力。

Learn to pay attention.

8.2 通過分散注意力來集中注意力

P.179(原文P.228)
你聽過顧問的"三法則"嗎?一般情況下,如果你不能想出計劃可能出錯的三種方式,或想出一個問題的三種不同的解決方式,那麼你的思考還不充份。

Have you heard of the consultant’s Rule of Three?7 In general, if you can’t think of three ways a plan can go wrong or think of three different solutions to a problem, then you haven’t thought it through enough. You can think of the multiple-drafts model in that light; let at least three alternative ideas ferment and come to consciousness. They are in there already; just let them grow and ripen.

P.179(原文P.228)
TIP 40.擠出思維的時間。

Make thinking time.

8.3 管理知識

P.181(原文P.230)
對於浸泡、分類和發展想法,我發現一種最有效的工具就是個人的wiki。事實上,正如我們將看到的,通過 wiki 組識你的偉大想法,你會得到更多的偉大想法。

For marinating, categorizing, and developing thoughts, I find one of the most effective tools to be a personal wiki. In fact, as we’ll see, by organizing your great ideas this way, you’ll get more great ideas.

P.183(原文P.233)
TIP 41.使用WIKI來管理信息和知識。

Use a wiki to manage information and knowledge.

8.4 優化當前情境

8.5 積極地管理干擾

P.192(原文P.243)
TIP 42.制定交流規則來管理干擾。

Establish rules of engagement to manage interruptions.

P.193(原文P.245)
TIP 43.少發送郵件,你就會少收到郵件。

Send less email, and you’ll receive less email.

P.193(原文P.245)
TIP 44.為郵件通信選擇你自已的進度。

Choose your own tempo for an email conversation.

P.193(原文P.245)
最後,最好的建議是對電子郵件眼不見心不煩。在不使用時退出電子郵件客戶端。

Finally, the best advice for email is out of sight, out of mind. Exit your email client when not in use.

P.194(原文P.246)
TIP 45.屏蔽中斷來保持注意力。

Mask interrupts to maintain focus.

8.6 保持足夠大的情境

P.196(原文P.249)
TIP 46.使用多台顯示器來避免情境切換。

Use multiple monitors to avoid context switching.

P.199(原文P.251)
TIP 47.優化你的個人工作流以最大化情境。

Optimize your personal workflow to maximize context.

8.7 如何保持注意力

第9章 超越專家

9.1 有效的改變

P.201(原文P.254)
"不作為"是敵人,而"錯誤"不是
請記住危險不在於做了錯事,而在於根本沒去做事情。不要害怕犯錯誤。

Inaction is the enemy, not error.
Remember the danger doesn’t lie in doing something wrong; it lies in doing nothing at all. Don’t be afraid to make mistakes.

9.2 明天上午做什麼

P.202(原文P.255)
開始承擔責任,不要害怕問"為什麼",也不要害怕問"你怎麼知道的"或者"我怎麼知道的",同樣要大方地回答"我目前還不知道"。

Start taking responsibility; don’t be afraid to ask “why?” or “how do you know?” or “how do I know?” or to answer “I don’t know—yet.”

P.202(原文P.256)
再拿一個顯示器,開始使用虛擬桌面。

Get a second monitor, and start using a virtual desktop.

9.3 超越專家

P.205(原文P.258)
TIP 48.抓住方向盤,你不能自動駕駛。

Grab the wheel. You can’t steer on autopilot.


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copy and translate from http://book.douban.com/people/yuan_/annotation/5372651/?start=0

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第12頁

下面列舉了一些人們觀察到的現象,適用於護理和軟體發展,也可能適用於其他行業。

■實際工作中,專家級職員並不總被認為是專家,也沒有拿到相稱的薪水。

■不是所有專家級職員都想成為管理者。

■職員的能力存在巨大的差異。

■管理者的能力存在巨大的差異。

■任何團隊的成員在技術水準上可能各不相同,無法看作一個同質的可替代資源集合。

第14頁

例如就專家級大廚來說,他們徜徉於麵粉和香料的繚繞之中,不必關心越堆越高的髒盤子(這些都留給實習生清洗),大廚只要努力琢磨、清楚表達如何做好這道菜。“來一點這個,那個少點——不要太多,然後開始烹飪直到完成。”

廚師長克勞德這樣說不是故意賣關子,他知道“烹飪直到完成”的含義。他知道“剛好夠”和“太多”之間的細微區別依賴於濕度、肉的來源以及蔬菜的新鮮程度。

專家通常很難把他們的行為恰如其分地解釋清楚,他們的很多行為是如此地熟練以至於已經變成無意識的了。他們的大量經驗都是通過大腦的非語言、無意識區域存儲的,這讓我們難以觀察,而專家則難以表述。

當專家在做事時,我們其他人覺得十分神奇。神秘的魔法看起來似乎無處可尋,當我們甚至還不完全認識問題的時候,專家就已經憑藉一種不可思議的能力知道了正確的答案。

當然,這不是魔法,只是他們認識世界的方式、解決問題的方法、運用的思維模型等都和普通人顯著不同。

而一個新廚師在辛苦工作一天回到家裏後,可能不會關心濕度和原料方面的細微差別。他只想知道食譜中到底需要放入多少藏紅花(不僅僅只考慮藏紅花特別昂貴這個因素)。

他想知道的是,如果已知肉的重量,如何精確設定烤肉箱的計時器時間,等等。這並不是說他迂腐或者愚蠢,只是他需要明確的、與情境無關的指令,便於參照執行。而如果專家被強制遵從那些規則操作,他們的工作就會變得效率低下。

第15頁

由定義可知,新手在該技能領域經驗很少或者根本沒有經驗。這裏提到的經驗,指的是通過實施這項技術促進了思維的改變。舉個反例,可能一個開發人員聲稱擁有十年的經驗,但實際上只是一年的經驗重複了九次,那麼這就不算是經驗。

第22頁

不知道自已不知道

當你在某領域不是很擅長時,你更可能認為自己是這方面的專家。

在文章“Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments”中,心理學家Kruger和Dunning講述了一個自以為是的小偷,他在光天化日之下搶劫銀行。他不相信自己這麼快就被捕了,因為他以為在臉上塗滿檸檬汁,攝像頭就監視不到他。

“檸檬汁人”從來沒有懷疑他自己的假設。缺少準確的自我評估被稱為二階不勝任(second-order incompetence),也就是說,不知道自己不知道。

這種情況在軟體發展領域是個大問題,因為很多程式師和經理都意識不到有更好的方法和實踐存在。我已經見過很多年輕的程式師(1~5年經驗)從來沒有做過一個成功的項目。他們已經徹底繳械投降了,認為平常的專案就應該是痛苦和失敗的。

達爾文說過:“無知往往來自于自信而不是知識。”

反過來似乎也是對的。一旦你真的成為了一名專家,你會痛苦地意識到你知道的是多麼少。

第21-23頁

但是更糟糕的是,誤解德雷福斯模型會埋沒專家的專業技能。事實上,專家的名聲和業績很容易遭到破壞。最後你只是在強迫他們遵循規則。

在德雷福斯的一項研究中,研究人員就是這樣做的。他們邀請經驗豐富的飛行員做實驗,請他們給新手制定一套規則,要求代表他們的最佳實踐做法。他們照做了,新手基於這些規則的確能夠提高自己的業績。

然後,研究人員要求專家遵循自己制定的規則。

結果專家的表現明顯不如以往。

這對軟體的開發也會產生影響。考慮一下,任何對開發指定嚴格規則的方法或企業文化,會對團隊裏的專家產生什麼影響呢?這將拖累其業績表現下降到新手的水準。公司失去了他們所擅長的所有競爭優勢。

但是,整個行業一直在試圖通過這種方式“毀滅”專家。你可能會說,我們正試圖訓練賽馬。但這不是獲得良好的投資回報的辦法,你需要讓賽馬自己去跑。

直覺是專家的工具,但公司往往輕視它,因為他們錯誤地認為,直覺“不科學”或者“不可重複”。因此,我們往往本末倒置,不傾聽高薪酬高昂的專家們的意見。

相反,我們也往往喜歡使用新手,把他們扔在發展水準等級的最底層,讓他們覺得未來遙不可及。在這種情況下你可能會說,我們正在試圖賽羊。同樣,這不是一個使用新手的有效方法。他們需要“被駕馭”,也就是說,明確方向,快速成功,等等。

但是,來自企業的壓力從兩個方面阻礙了我們。被誤導了的政策公平思維要求我們同等對待所有開發人員,不論能力大小。這傷害了新手和專家(因為忽視了這樣一個事實:根據不同的研究成果,開發人員之間存在20:1~40:1的生產力差異)。

第25頁

元認知能力,或者自我認知的能力,往往在較高的技能層次中才會具有。不幸的是,這意味著處於較低技能層次的從業者會明顯高估他們自己的能力——有研究表明高出50%。根據一項研究(見Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments),正確自我評估的唯一辦法是提高個人技能層次,這反過來又會提高元認知能力。

你可以把這種現象稱為二階不勝任(second-order incompetence):不知道自己不知道多少。新手儘管能力差但是信心十足,而專家在情況異常時會變得愈發謹慎。專家會更多地自我懷疑。

第31頁

最近,我看到一份全國教會的新聞通訊,對如何培養和維護音樂節目提出 了建議,聽起來非常熟悉。

■一個組織的好壞由其最弱一環決定。把最好的演奏者聚集在一起從事主要的服務,同時創建“農場隊伍”完成其他服務。

■組織內每週的演奏者應相同、穩定。要讓組織成型,演奏者進進出出會適得其反。

■時間就是一切:鼓手(樂隊的)或者伴奏(合唱團)必須是固定的。最好使用預先錄製的伴奏而不是頻繁更換的鼓手或者風琴手現場伴奏。

■讓團隊的優秀音樂家安心,隨時關注變化。

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過分依賴專業形式模型所造成的一些危害。

混淆模型和現實

團隊裏的高級程式師宣佈她懷孕了並將在專案期間分娩,這位經理抗議道:“這不在專案計畫中。

低估不能形式化的特性

良好的問題解決能力對我們的工作很重要,但要解決問題是一件很難形式化的事情……即使希望團隊擁有這些特性,你仍可能發現管理部門根本不會重視它們——僅僅是因為這些特性無法形式化。

違背個人自主性的行為

你不希望一群猴子敲打鍵盤編寫代碼。你需要能思考、負責任的開發人員。對形式模型過度依賴往往會鼓勵羊群行為而貶低個人創造力。

偏袒新手,從而疏遠了經驗豐富的員工

針對新手創建一套工作方法,對經驗豐富的團隊成員來說,你會建立一個惡劣的工作環境,他們會直接離開你的團隊或組織。

把複雜局勢過於簡化

每當有人開始說“你需要做的僅僅是……”或者“只需要做這個……”,他們十之八九錯了。

追求過度一致

同樣的標準不可能放之四海而皆準。上一個項目裏最管用的東西對當前這個項目來說可能是一場災難。

忽視情境的細微差別

形式方法針對典型情況,而不是特殊情況。但是,“典型”真的會發生嗎?情境對專業表現至關重要,而形式方法往往會在它們的公式中丟掉情境的細微差別。

故弄玄虛

語言表達如果過於口號化,它就會變得微不足道,並最終完全失去意義。

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不要屈服於工具或者模型的虛假權威。沒有什麼可以替代思考。

從德雷福斯模型學到的最重要的收穫之一就是,認識到新手需要與情境無關的規則,而專家使用與情境相關的直覺。

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你可能會要求專家打開一記扇鎖住的門。這很合理,但是考慮一下情境帶來的差別:例如,打開門營救著火房間裏的孩子和不留痕跡地撬開水門飯店房間的鎖是完全不同的。情境在起作用。

在系統思維中,如面向物件的編程,往往是事物之間的聯繫最讓人感興趣,而不是事物本身。這些聯繫有助於形成情境,而正是情境讓這些事物各不相同。情境在起作用,但是,由於技能水準還不夠高,德雷福斯模型的較低階段無法認識到這一點。

在團隊中你同樣需要先考慮他人的技能水準,然後再判斷自己該如何傾聽、回應他們的意見。

新手需要快速成功和與情境無關的規則。你無法指望他們獨自處理新情況。在一個給定的問題空間內,他們會停下來思考所有事情,不論相關與否。他們不把自己看做系統的一部分,所以沒有意識到他們施加的影響——不論是積極的還是消極的。提供給他們所需的幫助而非全貌,否則,那只會把他們弄糊塗了。

在另一端,專家需要獲得全貌;不要用約束性、官僚的規則妨礙他們做出自己的判斷。你需要從他們的專業判斷中獲益。請記住,不論怎樣他們認為自己是系統的一部分,並將這些事情當作自己的事情來做,他們的投入超出你的想像。